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, Xingyu Liu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Ruyuan Li National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing, China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Shixuan Wang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China Correspondence address. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430000, China. Tel: +86-27-83663351; Fax: +86-27-83662681; E-mail: jinjinzhang@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn (J.Z.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430000, China. Tel: +86-27-83663351; Fax: +86-27-83662681; E-mail: shixuanwang@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn (S.W.) Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Jinjin Zhang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China Correspondence address. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430000, China. Tel: +86-27-83663351; Fax: +86-27-83662681; E-mail: jinjinzhang@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn (J.Z.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430000, China. Tel: +86-27-83663351; Fax: +86-27-83662681; E-mail: shixuanwang@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn (S.W.) Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic
Human Reproduction, Volume 39, Issue 6, June 2024, Pages 1303–1315, https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deae081
Published:
30 April 2024
Article history
Received:
22 November 2023
Revision received:
22 March 2024
Editorial decision:
05 April 2024
Published:
30 April 2024
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Xingyu Liu, Ruyuan Li, Shixuan Wang, Jinjin Zhang, Global, regional, and national burden of premenstrual syndrome, 1990–2019: an analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, Human Reproduction, Volume 39, Issue 6, June 2024, Pages 1303–1315, https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deae081
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Abstract
STUDY QUESTION
What is the burden of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) at the global, regional, and national levels across 21 regions and 204 countries and territories?
SUMMARY ANSWER
Over the past few decades, the global prevalent cases of PMS have grown significantly from 652.5 million in 1990 to 956.0 million in 2019, representing a 46.5% increase.
WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
PMS, which affects almost half of reproductive women worldwide, has substantial social, occupational, academic, and psychological effects on women’s lives. However, no comprehensive and detailed epidemiological estimates of PMS by age and socio-demographic index (SDI) at global, regional, and national levels have been reported.
STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
An age- and SDI-stratified systematic analysis of the prevalence and years lived with disability (YLD) of PMS by age and SDI across 21 regions and 204 countries and territories has been performed.
PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
The prevalence and YLD of PMS from 1990 to 2019 were retrieved directly from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2019 study. The number, rates per 100000 persons, and average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) of prevalence and YLD were estimated at the global, regional, and national levels.
MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
Globally, the prevalent cases of PMS increased by 46.5% from 652.5 million in 1990 to 956.0 million in 2019; in contrast, however, the age-standardized prevalence rate was approximately stable at 24431.15/100000 persons in 1990 and 24406.51/100000 persons in 2019 (AAPC, 0[95% CI: −0.01 to 0.01]). Globally, the YLD was 8.0 million in 2019 and 5.4 million in 1990, with a sizable increase over the past 30 years. The age-standardized YLD rate was stable (AAPC 0.01, P = 0.182), at 203.45/100000 persons in 1990 and 203.76/100000 persons in 2019. The age-standardized burden estimates were the highest in the low-middle SDI regions and the lowest in the high SDI regions. Peaks in burden rate estimates were all observed in the 40–44 years age group. Regional age-standardized burden estimates were the highest in South Asia and the lowest in Western Sub-Saharan Africa. The national age-standardized burden estimates were the highest in Pakistan and the lowest in Niger.
LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
The accuracy of the results depended on the quality and quantity of the GBD 2019 data. Fortunately, the GBD study endeavoured to retrieve data globally and applied multiple models to optimize the completeness, accuracy, and reliability of the data. In addition, the GBD study took the country as its basic unit and neglected the influence of race. Further study is warranted to compare differences in PMS burden associated with race. Finally, no data are available on the aetiology and risk information related to PMS, which might help us to better understand the trends and age distribution of PMS and help local governments formulate more detailed policies and comprehensive interventions.
WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
Although the age-standardized prevalence/YLD rate has been stable over the past 30 years, the absolute number of prevalent cases and YLD grew significantly worldwide from 1990 to 2019. Public health-related policies should be implemented to reduce the prevalence and alleviate the symptoms of PMS. Lifestyle changes and cognitive-behavioral therapy are critical in helping to reduce the burden of PMS.
STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant number 2022YFC2704100) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82001498, No. 82371648). The authors declare no conflict of interest.
TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
N/A.
premenstrual syndrome, prevalence, years lived with disability, Global Burden of Disease, average annual percentage change
© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com
This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/pages/standard-publication-reuse-rights)
Issue Section:
Original Article > Reproductive epidemiology
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